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Alvin Plantinga's version of the free will defense〔"Free Will Defense", in Max Black (ed), ''Philosophy in America''. Ithaca: Cornell UP / London: Allen & Unwin, 1965〕 is an attempt to refute the logical problem of evil: the argument that the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent God in an evil world is a logical contradiction.〔 Plantinga's argument is that "It is possible that God, even being omnipotent, could not create a world with free creatures who never choose evil. Furthermore, it is possible that God, even being omnibenevolent, would desire to create a world which contains evil if moral goodness requires free moral creatures." While Plantinga's free will defense has received fairly widespread acceptance among philosophers,〔"It used to be widely held by philosophers that God and evil are incompatible. Not any longer. Alvin Plantinga's Free Will Defense is largely responsible for this shift."〕〔"Most philosophers have agreed that the free will defense has defeated the logical problem of evil. () Because of (argument ), it is now widely accepted that the logical problem of evil has been sufficiently rebutted." 〕 many still contend that it fails to adequately resolve the problem of evil. Additionally, the defense only addresses moral evil, not natural evil, and many note that the defense requires an incompatibilist, libertarian view of free will in order to be effective. == Logical problem of evil == (詳細はomnipotent) God could prevent evil from existing in the world. # An all-knowing (omniscient) God would know that there was evil in the world. # An all-good (omnibenevolent) God would wish to prevent evil from existing in the world. # There is evil in the world. As J. L. Mackie has highlighted, there would appear to be a contradiction between these propositions such that they cannot all be true. Given that the fourth proposition would appear to be undeniable, it can be inferred from the above that one of the other three must be false, and thus there cannot be an all-good, all-knowing and all-powerful God. To put it another way, if God does exist, He must be either "impotent, ignorant or wicked". The problem, and various solutions to it, have been debated by philosophers since at least the time of Epicurus in the fourth century BC. One of the most historically significant replies to the problem is the free will theodicy of Augustine of Hippo, which has been extensively criticized. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alvin Plantinga's free will defense」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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